pipe fittings

Current National Standards Catalog (Valves)

Serial No. Standard Number Standard Name Replaced Standard Number Adoption Status 1 GB/T 8464-1998 Internal-threaded Valves for Plumbing GB 8464-87 GB 8465.1–.8-87 2 GB/T 12220-1989 General-purpose Valves—Marking JB 106-78 MOD ISO 5209-1977 3 GB/T 12221-1989 Flanged Metal Valves—Structural Lengths JB 97–98-75 JB 1686–1688-75 NEQ ISO 5752-1982 4 GB/T 12222-1989 Multi-turn Valves—Connection of Actuating Devices MOD ISO 5210/1~/3-1982 5 GB/T 12223-1989 Partial-turn Valves—Connection of Actuating Devices MOD ISO 5211/1~/3-1982 6 GB/T 12224-1989 Steel Valves—General Requirements 7 GB/T 12225-1989 General-purpose Valves—Technical Specifications for Copper Alloy Castings 8 GB/T 12226-1989 General-purpose Valves—Technical Specifications for Gray Iron Castings 9 GB/T 12227-1989 General-purpose Valves—Technical Specifications for Ductile Iron Castings 10 GB/T 12228-1989 General-purpose Valves—Technical Specifications for Carbon Steel Forgings 11 GB/T 12229-1989 General-purpose Valves—Technical Specifications for Carbon Steel Castings 12 GB/T 12230-1989 General-purpose Valves—Technical Specifications for Austenitic Steel Castings 13 GB/T 12232-1989 General-purpose Valves—Flanged Iron Gate Valves 14 GB/T 12233-1989 General-purpose Valves—Iron Globe and Lift Check Valves 15 GB/T 12234-1989 General-purpose Valves—Flanged and Butt-welded Steel Gate Valves 16 GB/T 12235-1989 General-purpose Valves—Flanged Steel Globe and Lift Check Valves 17 GB/T 12236-1989 General-purpose Valves—Steel Swing Check Valves 18 GB/T 12237-1989 General-purpose Valves—Flanged and Butt-welded Steel Ball Valves 19 GB/T 12238-1989 General-purpose Valves—Flanged and Wafer-connected Butterfly Valves NEQ BS 5155-1984 20 GB/T 12239-1989 General-purpose Valves—Diaphragm Valves 21 GB/T 12240-1989 General-purpose Valves—Iron Plug Valves 22 GB/T 12241-1989 Safety Valves—General Requirements MOD ISO 4126-1984 23 GB/T 12242-1989 Safety Valves—Test Methods for Performance 24 GB/T 12243-1989 Spring-loaded Direct-acting Safety Valves NEQ JIS 8210-1978 25 GB/T 12244-1989 Pressure-reducing Valves—General Requirements 26 GB/T 12245-1989 Pressure-reducing Valves—Test Methods for Performance 27 GB/T 12246-1989 Pilot-operated Pressure-reducing Valves 28 GB/T 12247-1989 Steam Traps—Classification MOD ISO 6704-1982 29 GB/T 12248-1989 Steam Traps—Terminology NEQ ISO 6552-1980 30 GB/T 12249-1989 Steam Traps—Marking NEQ ISO 6553-1980 31 GB/T 12250-1989 Steam Traps—Structural Lengths JB 2762-79 NEQ ISO 6554-1980 32 GB/T 12251-1989 Steam Traps—Test Methods GB 4981-85 NEQ ISO 6948-1981 33 GB/T 13927-1992 General-purpose Valves—Pressure Testing NEQ ISO 5208-1982 34 GB/T 13932-1992 General-purpose Valves—Iron Swing Check Valves 35 GB/T 15185-1994 Iron and Copper Ball Valves 36 GB/T 15188.1-1994 Valve Structural Lengths—Butt-welded Valves JB 96-75 JB 1686-75 37 GB/T 15188.2-1994 Valve Structural Lengths—Wafer-connected Valves 38 GB/T 15188.3-1994 Valve Structural Lengths—Internal-threaded Valves JB 96-75 JB 1686-75 39 GB/T 15188.4-1994 Valve Structural Lengths—External-threaded Valves JB 96-75 JB 1686-75

New Opportunities in the Valve Market, Booming Industry Outlook

China’s valve industry is experiencing robust growth; however, despite the generally favorable industry outlook, certain concerns remain—particularly the fact that domestic valve manufacturers are predominantly low-end, small-scale, family-run operations. This poses a significant constraint and bottleneck for the sector’s future development. Given the relatively late start of China’s valve industry, the country is still in a developmental phase and lags behind advanced international standards. Many critical valve types continue to rely on imports, and numerous valves lack core technologies. Coupled with limitations in automation and control capabilities, China’s high-end valve technology remains at a disadvantage compared with global leaders. Meanwhile, competition in the valve market is intensifying, with some low-end segments already saturated and characterized by oversupply. Consequently, achieving balanced, sustainable development across both high- and low-end segments has become one of the most pressing challenges facing Chinese valve manufacturers. At present, some Chinese valve producers have reached internationally advanced levels. Although the overall performance of China’s valve industry has improved substantially, product quality remains inconsistent; phenomena such as leakage, emission, dripping, and seepage are still common in domestically produced valves. In addition, China’s capability to provide comprehensive valve systems and supporting components still falls short of that of developed countries. Intense market competition and the saturation of low-end segments have created an oversupply situation, making it increasingly difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to thrive. Even for higher-tech products, competition in the international market is fierce. Today, China can supply a wide range of valves, including heating valves, environmental protection valves, and building-use valves. However, the high-end segment continues to depend heavily on imports—a key area where China must focus its efforts to achieve breakthroughs and truly drive the industry forward. Since last year, the path toward domesticating high-end valves has grown increasingly challenging. Basic components have now become a major bottleneck hindering the upgrade of China’s manufacturing sector toward higher value-added production. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, the government will further intensify efforts to localize high-end equipment components. The feasibility of import substitution varies significantly across different sub-sectors; in particular, high-end valves urgently require stronger policy guidance and greater support for research and development. The lack of significant progress in the transformation and upgrading of the valve industry stems from multiple factors, one of which relates to past practices. Historically, emphasis has been placed on product development while neglecting market research and industrialization. Specifically, there has been a tendency to prioritize technology over process engineering and to focus on R&D rather than scaling up production. As a result, although our products may appear sophisticated on paper, boasting advanced features and performance metrics, they often fail shortly after being deployed by end-users. Alternatively, even when the products themselves function adequately, their high manufacturing costs render them uncompetitive in the market. Of course, this situation is also partly attributable to policy priorities: for too long, the focus has been on the quantity of research outcomes and patents, with an emphasis on filling gaps and establishing a presence in the market. While these efforts have achieved important milestones, they have not sufficiently prioritized translating innovations into commercially viable, large-scale industrial applications.

The Petrochemical Industry Drives the Industrial Valves and Actuators Market

The global industrial valves and actuators market for the oil and gas industry is the largest revenue driver. Consequently, the exploration of new oil and gas fields—coupled with increased investment—and the expansion of refineries and pipelines in key growth regions are likely to have a significant impact on market prospects. The market will also benefit from rising demand for automation and infrastructure modernization. According to Frost & Sullivan’s strategic analysis of the global industrial valves and actuators market, the market generated USD 1.837 billion in revenue in 2012 (compared with USD 1.765 billion in the 2011 base year), and is projected to reach USD 2.210 billion by 2016. Niranjan Paul, Associate Research Analyst for Industrial Automation and Process Control at Frost & Sullivan, notes: “Currently, major oil exploration activities are concentrated in Africa, South America, the Middle East, and Russia. These regions therefore represent a focal point for industrial valves and actuators manufacturers and offer sustained growth opportunities.” In the Middle East, Iraq is emerging as a key market for major oil companies. The country is also expected to spend nearly USD 27.0 billion on new power generation and transmission–distribution projects between 2012 and 2017. These trends underscore Iraq’s growing importance as a market for industrial valves and actuators. However, political uncertainty in North Africa and the Middle East is impacting the oil and gas industry. Moreover, sanctions imposed on Iran and Syria—key markets for oil, gas, and power-generation sectors—could restrain revenue growth for industrial valves and actuators manufacturers. In more developed regions such as North America and Europe, environmental legislation plays a pivotal role in shaping market dynamics. Here, stringent regulations may exert cross-industry effects across end-user sectors. Paul explains: “In the oil and gas sector, regulations aimed at reducing air pollution seek to curb emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that contribute to smog formation; accordingly, the design of process equipment—including valves and actuators—will help achieve reductions in plant emissions.” Even as leading industrial valves and actuators manufacturers capitalize on growth opportunities, their profit margins are under pressure due to price sensitivity across end-user industries. As a result, companies are compelled to adopt aggressive pricing strategies. “The market may see increasing demand for customized solutions tailored to specific end-user applications,” Paul adds. “Market participants must not only meet this demand but also address other critical customer needs, such as high-quality after-sales service and shorter delivery times.” The strategic analysis of the global industrial valves and actuators market is part of Frost & Sullivan’s Growth Partnership Services program for industrial automation and process control. Frost & Sullivan’s research offerings include the European control valve market, the North American control valve market, the Southeast Asia and Australia–New Zealand industrial control valve market, and the Middle East industrial valves and actuators market. All research services provide detailed market opportunity assessments and industry trend analyses, supported by extensive interviews with market participants, and are available through subscription.

How Should Chinese Enterprises Address the “Difficult Birth” of Domesticating High-End Valves?

The “2012–2016 China Valve and Plug Manufacturing Industry Development Prospects and Investment Forecast Analysis Report” indicates that, since 2012, the path toward domestic production of high-end valves has been exceedingly challenging. At present, basic components have become a bottleneck restricting the advancement of China’s manufacturing sector toward higher-end technologies, underscoring the need to further intensify efforts to localize high-end equipment parts. The “difficult birth” of domestically produced high-end valves: Currently, China’s valve market (valve market analysis) already offers a wide range of products, including heating valves, environmental protection valves, and construction valves. Although, in recent years, thanks to the efforts of domestic enterprises, some mid- to high-end pump and valve products have achieved localization, certain items still rely on imports. According to data provided by the China General Machinery Industry Association, since the beginning of this year, the major imported pump products include hydraulic reciprocating plunger pumps, other hydraulic reciprocating displacement pumps, rotary axial piston pumps, other centrifugal pumps with speeds below 10,000 rpm, liquid pump components, and vacuum pumps. Valve products mainly comprise pressure-reducing valves, hydraulic transmission valves, pneumatic transmission valves, safety valves or relief valves, and valve components. In the field of high-pressure valves, reliance on imports persists, making this an area where China’s valve industry must focus its breakthrough efforts in the future. The industrial positioning of the High-End Valve Industrial Park is to build a Chinese high-end valve city characterized by high-end sophistication, complete sets, internationalization, and headquarters functions—aiming to attract 200 high-end valve enterprises within three to five years, secure over RMB 20 billion in investment, achieve annual sales revenue exceeding RMB 50 billion, and ultimately reach an annual sales scale of more than RMB 100 billion. At present, both domestic policy support and the existing level of technological capability are insufficiently conducive to the R&D of high-end valves. Overall, as the national policy for revitalizing the equipment manufacturing industry is progressively implemented, general basic manufacturing will receive even greater priority support. Major users of valves—including the petrochemical, power, metallurgical, chemical, and urban construction sectors—are expected to increase their demand for valve products; however, the feasibility of import substitution varies significantly across different sub-sectors in China, highlighting the urgent need for greater policy guidance and research support for high-end valves. Why is the localization of high-end valves so difficult? According to an analysis by a representative of the China General Machinery Industry Association, there are four primary reasons for this phenomenon: First, long-term underinvestment in R&D. Domestic enterprises exhibit a clear gap in product technology development philosophy compared with some advanced foreign companies. Insufficient funding for scientific research and R&D has become a major constraint on valve manufacturers’ independent innovation. According to incomplete statistics from the pump industry, R&D spending accounts for less than 2% of total corporate revenue, a figure far lower than that of well-known foreign firms, indicating very limited industry-wide R&D investment. Relevant statistics show that the entire pump industry’s annual R&D expenditure in China is still less than the R&D budget of a single foreign company. Second, weak indigenous innovation capacity. It is understood that the Chinese machinery manufacturing industry has been slow in digesting and absorbing imported technologies, with most enterprises exhibiting limited technological innovation capabilities; 57% of core technologies for major mechanical products still rely on imports. Although most products in China’s pump manufacturing industry have now essentially achieved domestic production, domestic firms largely undertake only low-end processing stages, leaving considerable room for improvement in both the breadth and depth of localization. For example, key core technologies for nuclear-grade pumps used in complete sets of nuclear power plant equipment, as well as for high-pressure boiler feedwater pump assemblies in million-kilowatt ultra-supercritical and supercritical thermal power plant systems, which are currently being localized, still largely depend on imports. Third, weak customer willingness to purchase domestic products. Even when domestic products meet or exceed foreign standards in performance metrics, some customers remain inclined to buy foreign-made equipment, thereby increasing the difficulty of introducing China’s first-of-its-kind major technological equipment—such as valve and pump technologies—into the market. Despite the fact that many domestically produced high-end pump products boast comparable technical levels, some end-users continue to refuse to adopt them, citing a lack of operational track record and other reasons. Fourth, a lack of research into industry-wide common technologies. Following institutional reforms, some research institutes that once served the industry have become fragmented enterprises, with significant changes in their organizational structure and core mission. As a result, their role in providing technical support to the industry has weakened, slowing down the development of new technologies and processes and making it difficult to align design, process, material, and manufacturing standards with international benchmarks. In response, experts have put forward three recommendations: First, establish a new mechanism to encourage enterprise-driven innovation. Based on the national comprehensive plan and regional layout for the pump and valve manufacturing industry, set up a number of regionally focused laboratories, test bases, and product development centers for leading technologies and products. Leverage strong science-and-education institutions to establish technology-transfer hubs, and encourage and support the establishment of R&D centers dedicated to pump and valve manufacturing technologies. Second, improve the technology-promotion system. Reasonably organize grassroots technology-promotion organizations, gradually building a diversified technology-promotion system led by national-level bodies, with clear division of labor, effective collaboration, and comprehensive service coverage. Finally, strengthen the science-and-technology training system and enhance intellectual-property protection. Establish and refine the linkage between training services provided by universities, research institutes, and secondary vocational schools and basic education, fully leveraging the strengths of institutions at all levels. Further improve the market environment for new-product innovation, actively promote new-product development, and require enterprises and research institutions to establish sound internal regulations for managing independently developed new products.